With the help of a diagram, explain how a production possibility curve (PPC) can be used to show the concept of opportunity cost and consider whether opportunity cost is likely to remain constant if resources are reallocated from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector.

Marks: 8

With the help of a production possibility curve (PPC) diagram, consider the impact on the opportunity cost to a farmer in the Philippines of starting to grow red onions.

Marks: 4

With the help of a diagram, explain the reasons for a movement within a production possibility curve (PPC) and a shift of a PPC and consider the extent to which opportunity cost determines the shape of a PPC.

Marks: 8

With the help of a diagram, explain the difference between the causes of a movement along, and a shift of, a production possibility curve (PPC) and consider which is likely to have the most immediate impact on an economy.

Marks: 8

Use a production possibility curve (PPC) diagram to explain how a government in a mixed economy might allocate more resources to consumption and less resources to investment and consider a limitation of this approach to resource allocation.

Marks: 8

With the help of a diagram, explain the significance of a position within a market economy's production possibility curve (PPC) and consider whether such a position is likely to be permanent.

Marks: 8

With the help of a production possibility curve (PPC) diagram(s), explain the difference between constant and increasing opportunity costs and consider how choices in deciding which type of goods to produce in the short run may influence future economic growth.

Marks: 8

With the help of a production possibility curve (PPC) diagram, explain the terms scarcity and choice and consider the extent to which every choice has an equal opportunity cost.

Marks: 8

With the help of a diagram, explain the reasons for a movement within a production possibility curve (PPC) and a shift of a PPC and consider the extent to which opportunity cost determines the shape of a PPC.

Marks: 8

Assess whether a shift to the right of a PPC is only caused by an increase in the quantity of resources.

Marks: 8

With the help of a diagram, explain the difference between a movement along a production possibility curve (PPC) and a shift of this curve and consider whether a decision to produce more of one product will always incur an equal opportunity cost.

Marks: 8

Assess the extent to which it is always necessary to increase the size of the labour factor of production in order to cause an outward shift of the production possibility curve.

Marks: 12

Entrepreneurs are vital in a modern economy to achieve long run economic growth. Assess whether encouraging entrepreneurship or increasing another of the factors of production will be a more effective way to achieve long run economic growth.

Marks: 12

With the help of a diagram(s), explain what is meant by consumer surplus and producer surplus and consider whether a rise in the price of a product because of higher costs of production is likely to always reduce the consumer surplus.

Marks: 8

With reference to Fig. 1.2 and the help of a demand and supply diagram, consider the possible impact of increased olive oil prices in 2023 on consumer surplus.

Marks: 4

Assess the likely impact of increasing stocks of olive oil on the price and quantity of olive oil traded in the future.

Marks: 6

With the help of a diagram, explain the difference between producer surplus and consumer surplus and consider the extent to which producers always gain when the price of a product increases due to higher costs of production.

Marks: 8

Assess whether the free market should be used to provide all types of goods in an economy.

Marks: 12

Assess the likely success of any two government policies to make the price elasticity of supply of all agricultural products more elastic.

Marks: 12

Assess whether all market economies should become mixed economies.

Marks: 12

With the help of a diagram, assess whether the introduction of a minimum price in a market can be justified.

Marks: 12

A government wishes to keep the price of an essential food, such as rice, affordable to help low‑income households. Assess whether a policy of fixing the maximum price for an essential food is likely to be more effective than a policy of making transfer payments to low‑income households.

Marks: 12

Assess whether education should be classified as a public good rather than classified as a merit good.

Marks: 12

With the help of a diagram, assess whether the benefits of a buffer stock scheme for an agricultural product always outweigh its disadvantages.

Marks: 12

Assess whether the arguments for protectionism in the context of international trade are always stronger than the arguments against.

Marks: 12

Explain why a doughnut might be regarded as a demerit good.

Marks: 2

With the help of a diagram, assess how the market for sugary foods in the UK might be affected by a ban on online advertising.

Marks: 6

Assess the likely effects on UK consumers and the UK government of a ban on online adverts for sugary foods.

Marks: 6

Explain why government intervention may be required to provide merit goods and consider why such intervention may not always be successful.

Marks: 8

Assess the effectiveness of government intervention through buffer stock schemes in agricultural markets.

Marks: 12

Governments sometimes fix maximum prices on goods for different reasons. Assess whether the use of a maximum price is always advantageous.

Marks: 12

Assess whether fixing a minimum price is likely to be the best policy to reduce the consumption of a demerit good.

Marks: 12

Assess whether the expected benefits of providing healthcare services free‑of‑charge at the point of use exceed the likely costs.

Assess whether a charge made for healthcare at the point of use is likely to be more beneficial to consumers and providers than if healthcare is available to all free of charge.

Marks: 12

With the help of a diagram, explain the impact of introducing an effective minimum price of a product and consider the effect on the consumer surplus for that product.

Marks: 8

Assess whether a minimum wage policy is the best way to redistribute income in an economy.

Marks: 12

Consider whether a buffer stock system controlled by the government of Ivory Coast would be likely to prevent fluctuations in the price of cocoa beans.

Marks: 4

Assess the extent to which the use of a minimum pricing policy would be the best way to ensure cocoa bean farmers get paid a living wage.

Marks: 6

Assess the advantages and disadvantages of Ivory Coast continuing to specialise in the production and export of cocoa beans.

Marks: 6

Explain what is meant by the incidence of an indirect tax and consider the extent to which it is possible for the incidence to pass from a producer of a good to a consumer of that good.

Marks: 8

Assess the extent to which a government should subsidise the production of merit goods to increase the consumption of these goods.

Marks: 12

Assess whether bus and rail (mass transit) systems in cities should receive substantial subsidies from governments.

Marks: 12

With the help of a demand and supply diagram, explain how the introduction of an indirect tax affects equilibrium in a market and consider the extent to which the incidence of the tax will fall on the consumer.

Marks: 8

Assess whether a subsidy is likely to be the best method to increase the consumption of merit goods.

Marks: 12

With the help of a diagram, explain how changes in a subsidy can influence the price and quantity sold of a product in a market and consider how expenditure on a subsidy is affected by the price elasticity of demand for the product.

Marks: 8

Assess whether education should be classified as a public good rather than classified as a merit good.

Marks: 12

Explain why government intervention may be required to provide merit goods and consider why such intervention may not always be successful.

Marks: 8

With the help of examples, explain the difference between free goods and public goods and consider the view that public goods can never be provided in a market economy.

Marks: 8

The provision of merit and demerit goods differs from the provision of other private goods. Assess the view that the consequences of imperfect information are more serious in a market economy than in a mixed economy.

Marks: 12

Explain why the provision of bus and local rail (mass transit) services in cities is classified as a private good and not a public good and consider why such services might only be provided by the private sector.

Marks: 8

Assess whether the improved provision of information is likely to be the best method to reduce the consumption of demerit goods.

Marks: 12

With the use of examples, explain the difference between public goods and merit goods and consider whether markets will always provide enough of both goods.

Marks: 8

With the help of an example of each, explain the difference between a merit good and a demerit good and consider whether a subsidy given to a merit good will always be effective in increasing its consumption.

Marks: 8

With the aid of examples, explain the characteristics of public goods and free goods and consider whether free‑of‑charge vaccinations offered by a government should be classified as a free good.

Marks: 8

Explain what is meant by a public good and a private good (economic good) and consider the extent to which a beach could be described as public good.

Marks: 8

Assess whether an increase in the tax on a demerit good is always the best way to reduce the consumption of such a product.

Marks: 12

With the help of examples, explain the difference between public goods and free goods and consider whether a market economy can ever produce public goods.

Marks: 8

Assess the extent to which a government can ensure that both merit and demerit goods are produced in desirable quantities.

Marks: 12

Explain what is meant by a merit good, why governments provide merit goods such as healthcare free of charge and consider why such provision may not always be successful.

Marks: 8

Assess whether governments should always support the provision of merit goods in markets such as those for education or health care.

Marks: 12